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1995-02-25
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title: More Than a Living
: Fishing and the Social Order on a Polynesian Atoll
by: Michael D. Lieber (U28550%UICVM@uic.edu)
publisher: Westview Press 1994
subjects: anthropology
other: 235 pages, bibliography, $US 36.00
summary: fishing on the edge of the world
Kapingamarangi atoll is among the most extreme environments on Earth.
It sits at the top of a kilometre high sea mountain in the middle of the
Pacific, is almost five hundred kilometres from the next island, and has
a total surface area of just .42 square miles; you can't get much closer
to the ocean than that! Not surprisingly, given the environment, fishing
is central to life on Kapingamarangi, and the core of _More Than a
Living_ is an account of the traditional fishing methods of the Kapinga
people of the atoll. Over 80 different kinds of fishing methods are
classified and described - when and how they were carried out, who took
part, what fish were looked for and which caught, and so on. Despite the
detail of this part of the book (and it seems likely to be definitive),
I actually found this very interesting, despite (or perhaps because of)
my complete ignorance of fishing.
The theoretical framework of _More Than a Living_ is drawn from
cybernetics and information theory. The basic idea is to consider
fishing activity as a system, with its external inputs and constraints
as information flows. I have always been a bit wary about the use of
this kind of theory in the social sciences, not because I doubt its
relevance, but because the gap between abstract theory and the complex
realities of human culture is so large. I was, however, very impressed
by Lieber's application of them to Kapinga fishing; his resulting model
is simple but powerful, and seems to highlight essential properties of
the system. There are just two things that concern me with his analysis.
The first is that it didn't always seem to make clear the differences
between the intentionality of the system, that of individuals within it
and that of the observer. The second is that taking fishing activity as
the system of study and considering the environment as a "black box",
while practical in the absence of a marine biologist, may not be the
best choice; it seems possible that the marine ecology of the atoll is
so complexly connected to human fishing that the two should be treated
together.
The place where the theoretical perspective really comes into its own is
in the second part of the book, which describes the history of cultural
change on Kapingamarangi over the last century. Too often in
ethnographic studies there is a complete change in approach between the
synchronic description of the traditional culture and the account of its
subsequent history (if the latter is covered at all). _More Than a
Living_ avoids this by using the same theoretical framework for both,
and the result helps to make both more intelligible. Attempts to bridge
the gap between history and anthropology so boldly are rare, and deserve
serious consideration.
_More Than a Living_ contains a fairly extensive comparison with
Goodenough's study of the similar island of Onotoa, and Lieber also
attempts some generalisations about remote, monocultural communities. I
found the latter very thought-provoking and would have appreciated a
fuller discussion, but the subject really warrants a book to itself.
Although _More Than a Living_ uses maps of the atoll to good effect, it
would have been nice if some photographs had been included. Other
quibbles are that the print is a bit shoddy, with thin horizontal lines
often failing to appear, and that, somewhat oddly, there is no index.
(The index is one of those parts of a book whose importance one never
realises until it goes missing.) Those minor complaints aside, _More
than a Living_ is a very impressive book; anyone interested in Pacific
island cultures will definitely want to read it, and its theoretical
insights warrant much wider attention.
--
%T More Than a Living - Fishing and the Social Order on a Polynesian Atoll
%A Michael D. Lieber (U28550%UICVM@uic.edu)
%I Westview Press
%C Boulder
%D 1994
%O paperback, bibliography, $US 36.00
%G ISBN 0-8133-8780-9
%P xx,235pp
%K anthropology, fishing, Polynesia
Danny Yee (danny@cs.su.oz.au)
21 February 1994